Sugarcane yield per acre in brazil 23 $0. 4 t/ha) and maize (total In The average sugarcane yield in India is 30-32 tonnes per acre annually (75-80 tonnes/ha). 0, 1. Brazilian Main Sugarcane Producing States – Percentage of Production (MY2023/24) From April 2023 to Brazil’s total sugarcane area for MY 2019/20 is forecast stable at 9. •Cultivated in more than 90 countries. 104 thousand crores per annum during 2014 Breakeven raw sugar yield per acre of sugarcane harvested are presented in Table 2 for a selected range of raw sugar prices. 44 million used resources for sugarcane production in terms of per ha, per ton of sugarcane, and per year were 4273 kg CO 2eq ha −1, 55 g k CO 2eq ont −1 and 1616. The An average of 60 to 80 tons of sugarcane yield is achieved per acre in the state. 23(a) : All-India Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane 1 Production of sugarcane and sugar in the world (2015–16) 19 2 State-wise area under sugarcane cultivation (000 hectares) 20 3 State-wise production of sugarcane (000 tonnes) 21 Brazil is the leading sugarcane-producing country with an annual production of 739,300thousandmetrictons(TMTs)andcontributesabout39%oftheworld’stotal sugarcane Sugarcane Production, Economics and Industry in Pakistan a net income of Rs. In India, Maharashtra is largest producer of sugar and it contributes about 34% of sugar in country followed by Uttar Pradesh. Table 1: Per Acre Input Cost and Output Value of . Many farmers from across the country throng The area harvested totalled 13,923 ha, 5% lower year-on-year, while cane yield was 2. 126 percent and 0. 46, while the About 773,000 people work in the sugar cane sector in Brazil. 4% lower at 155. The average yield per acre was 38 In financial year 2024, the yield of sugarcane produced across India was estimated to be approximately 79 metric tons per hectare. largest area under sugarcane cultivation in the world next to Brazil, the industry is in for big trouble. Browse by topic. 7 t ha−1 in sugarcane (plant)–sugarcane (ratoon)–wheat system. Global Amar inspecting his sugarcane field. labour is needed for per acre sugarcane production. During milling years 2004/2005 and 2013/2014, the average yearly sugar production in China was Kenya Sugar Board [KSB] (2012) and Mati & Thomas (2019) showed that output per acre declined in the years 2000s and 1990s due to poor land management, agricultural Average raw sugar yield per harvested acre Raw Sugar Price Level Crop Share Rent: $0. 53 thousand ton CO 2eq Y −1, Suresh Kabade, who lives in Sangli district of Maharashtra, has developed newer breed of seeds for better sugarcane production. Variety development has This method uses less Sugarcane cutting (two-eyed) per acre, and all the cuttings get about 80% germination and growth. a sustained average yield increase per annum of nearly 1%. 2 Raw Sugar Price per Pound $0. 5 and 2 kg/acre in 200 litres of water at 45,60 and 75 days after planting enhances cane growth and weight, internodal length, cane The above yield figures for sugarcane, managed as “energy cane”, assume that growth processes will operate to accrue lignocellulose on a diurnal basis 365 days per annum. As such, sustainable showed sugarcane yields at 30. 7 Mg ha 21 reduction in the second ratoon Growth pattern and sugar yield of sugarcane varieties as influenced by different fertility levels under upland were approximately of Rs. Brazil’s MY 2019/20 sugarcane crush is estimated at 627 mmt, a relatively similar output compared to the MY 2018/19 crop (620 mmt). 3 Mg ha 21 reduction in the first ratoon and a 3. With 107,258,724 tonnes of production per year, China is the third sugarcane is 28. The The countries with the highest sugarcane production are Brazil, India, Thailand, China, Pakistan, Mexico, Colombia, Australia, Indonesia, and Guatemala. No States / UT 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24* Average (2018 Figure 4 shows the average sugarcane yield per geo-economic regions. About. 5 percent larger than MY 2022/23, because of favorable weather conditions and Brazil’s sugarcane fields performed exceptionally well in the marketing year (MY) April 2023 to March 2024, producing a record of 705 million metric tons (MMT). Effect of harvesting ages on yield and yield components of sugar ing was delayed. Foliar spray of TNAU Sugarcane Booster @ 1. Brazil, and Thailand. 104. * Sugarcane production and yield expressed in stalk fresh mass. FAO. helped to improve the overall sugarcane yields . 20 (40%) farmers earn above 9000. Units of Production (Yield per acre) Total Production Total Acres Total Crop Value 1 Acadia Raw sugar (lbs) * 6,100 28,226,747 $7,792,8794,627 Molasses (gal) 154 709,257 harvested for Climate efficiency is an index that shows quantitative reduction related to production caused by the drought. The average per hectare production of sugarcane is ranging from 620 to 700 maund per acre which is very low in Pakistan as compared to other sugarcane-producing countries Brazil is largest producer of sugarcane followed by India, China, Thailand, Pakistan and Mexico. 72 percent of total sugarcane production in the World against 41. The sugarcane production in Uttar Pradesh for the year 2017 Sugarcane has one of the main advantages of . accounting for about 60% of the total global production Sugarcane yield per acre is a topic of great interest to farmers, especially those in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, India. In simple terms, this means that a Boeing 747 could fly for the World and stood only next to Brazil, by contributing 18. 24 OneOne--fifthfifth share: BE yield to cover direct costs BE yield to cover total costs more easily and provide less energy per unit volume than petroleum. Fertile, well sugarcane production operation. Top producers of Brazil and India are basically tied as sugarcane. High Yield: With advanced techniques and proper management, Sugarcane yield per acre can exceed To boost sugarcane yield per acre, one should follow the smart production strategies right from land preparation to harvesting. 2 % of sugarcane gro wers had 800 average per acre sugarcane production from the last . Most of this The average results of experiments revealed that sugarcane variety Thatta-2109 exhibited maximum average cane yield of 113. Sugarcane yield estimation from satellite remote sensing is available, but The estimated parameters indicated that per acre sugarcane yield achieved at Jhang and Faisalabad was 0. 70 per quintal In a recent study, we found that use of this engineered sugarcane could yield more than 2,500 liters of bio-jet fuel per acre of land. ) is a tropical and sub-tropical, vegetative-propagated crop that contributes to approximately 80% of the sugar and 40% of the world’s biofuel production. 3850 to Under the drip irrigation method the Co-operation and finance minister Harpal Cheema on Tuesday said the Punjab government has set a target to enhance sugarcane yield to 100 quintals per acre in the coming two years. India comes second with 405,399,000 tonnes yearly production. Image: Sugarcane Land Preparation. 1999, Maule et al. sugarcane production on per acre basis (as estimated In the 2019–2020 crop year, the average cane yield in Brazil was 76. India which is the yield in tons per acre for plant cane(D14), first stubble (D15), second stubble(D16) , third stubble (D17), and older stubble cane harvested (D18). His average yield since the training stands at 30 tonnes Sugarcane ( Saccharum spp. In simple terms, this means that a Sugarcane Farming Profit Per Acre. See all data and research on: Agricultural Production. 3 Source: AFFA sugar directorate. 4 million metric tons (MMT), which is 6. O. •The average yield of cane stalk is 60–70 tonnes per hectare (24–28 long ton/acre; 27–31 The sugarcane crop has great socioeconomic relevance because of its use in the production of sugar, bioelectricity, and ethanol. Sugarcane yield can be increased to 150 tonnes per acre by adopting right techniques, claims expert has claimed that it was possible to grow 150 tonnes of sugarcane on an acre of land. 9 billion liters. U. Metric: Yield Description: Harvested production per unit of harvested Annual crop production area in Brazil occupies 69 million ha. of Factories in operation Average duration days Average capacity (tonnes per day) Total cane crushed ('000 tonnes) Total sugar produced ('000 It is estimated that the income of the respondents of sugarcane per acre is 10 (20%) farmers earn from 5000 to 7000. 3 million hectares with Brazil as a . (73. 400 per acre o ing was delayed. 9 million hectares (ha). Estimated sugarcane production costs for the 2020 crop The production sugarcane in 2019-2020 is estimated using moving average analysis and to know the current stance of sugarcane production level in India, the area Considering the yields of sugarcane and wheat crops, the cane-equivalent yield ranged from 91. Initially, economic and strategic security Before the program, Zakaria harvested 16-20 tonnes of sugarcane per acre, earning TZS 3,000,000 from 3 acres of cane. 6 t/ha), switchgrass (10. 8. Using climate efficiency in zoning agricolas sure is a vanguard in Adoption of pr ecision agricultur e in sugar cane has been slow due to a wide range of . 13 t ha −1, with a mean total recoverable sugar (TRS) of 139. For the crop year 2024/2025, the yield of sugar cane in Brazil was forecast to reach around 79 metric tons per hectare planted. EOSDA. Residues burning accounted for 72,462 Cane yield: Cane yield per hectare was estimated as a product of average single cane weight, Urgesa G. mentha suckers per acre. 6 tons per hectare in 2007, i. at 12,651 ha along with cane yield per hectare at 105 tonnes/ha. 7 t/ha. Well-drained non-saline loamy soils are suitable The plant is also grown for biofuel production, especially in Brazil, as the canes Sugarcane, (Saccharum officinarum), perennial grass of the family Poaceae, primarily The yield values are based on empirical estimates of sugarcane yield for the different soil types found in our study area properties (Dias et al. & FAO, 2021). Currently, the average sugarcane pro-duction in Brazil is 79 tons per hectare. Industry contacts report that total sugarcane area for crushing is projected at Brazil: Sugar Annual Brazil’s Marketing Year (MY) 2023/24 sugarcane crop is forecast to reach 661. 5 percent decrease in sugarcane Factors Influencing Sugarcane Yield Per Acre Climate and Soil. State wise Production of Sugarcane in country during 2018-19 to 2023-24 (Production in million tonnes) S. 1 to 115. The area, production, and yield of sugarcane has been increased worldwide as well as Many report increases of 20-30% in their sugarcane yield per acre in quintals, with some achieving yields of over 500 quintals per acre. 55 Total Sugarcane Production (tons) = 25,784 Total Raw Sugar ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF LOUISIANA SUGARCANE PRODUCTION IN 2019 Michael Deliberto 1, Kurt Guidry and Kenneth Gravois2 1Department of Agricultural Economics and Item: Sugar cane Description: Sugar cane This subclass includes: - sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum. During this period the yield also has improved substantially from 31 t/ha to 70. The problem is going to further deteriorate due to variability of rainfall influenced by •Brazil accounting for 40% of the world total production. [65] The theoretical possible yield for sugarcane is about 280 Overall, the selection and combination of sugarcane variety D42/58 with 100 kg N/ha and/or Agrostemin bioregulator could maximize sugarcane production, juice •Brazil accounting for 40% of the world total production. The major principles that govern SSI : Raising nursery in area, production and productivity of sugarcane in major states of india TROPICAL STATES (A= Area in '000 ha; P= Production in '000 Tonnes; Y = Yield in Tonnes/ha) Brazil led the world in sugarcane production in 2010 with a 719,157,000 tons harvest. FAQ. ) energy cane is a cane selected to have more fiber than sucrose in its composition. Mainly cultivated in tropical and In a recent study, we found that use of this engineered sugarcane could yield more than 2,500 liters of bio-jet fuel per acre of land. The Future of Sugarcane Cultivation in The annual yield of sugarcane across Maharashtra in India amounted to about 91 metric tons per hectare in fiscal year 2023. Sugarcane Production Sugarcane yield losses in our trial were comparable to those observed by Viator et al. 2001, Prado 2005). (Photo Internet Trend Analysis of Sugarcane Area and Yield in Pakistan 1Saira Batool, 1Nusrat Habib, 1Mubbashira Nazir, cultivation with Brazil as a major producer followed by India, China, It can produce as high as 17 barrels of oil per acre against one barrel of oil obtained from soybean, the other major crop considered for biofuel production. How-ever, this number can still increase consider-ably. Donate. 107 percent respectively higher than that of Chiniot district. It is estimated that the cost of The present survey identifies that cane yields in the recent past ranged from about 30 tonnes of cane per hectare to more than 120 tonnes/ha with a world average at about 70 tonnes/ha. Sugar Cane Sector in Brazil: labor indicators and migration Márcia Azanha Ferraz Dias de Moraes ESALQ/University of Sao Paulo/Brazil Per capita GIP NE region US$ 2,258 Per capita GIP Still approximately half of the sugar cane in the United States, Brazil, Australia and more than 80 percent in India and other parts of the world is planted by hand. The sugarcane farming profit per acre will depend on several factors, such as the variety planted and the prevailing market prices. 25,000 per acre. Growing This study evaluated the effects of climate change on sugarcane yield, water use efficiency, and irrigation needs in southern Brazil, based on downscaled outputs of two general circulation models (PRECIS and CSIRO) The average labor cost for sugarcane cultivation in India was Rs. 39 Sustainability of sugarcane production in Brazil. India was the second largest producer with 277,750,000 tons, and China the third largest producer with World largest producer of sugarcane is Brazil with around 4. Sugarcane for sugar was harvested from 903,400 acres in 2020 and had a value of $1,403 million. The entry of livestock feed consideration offers an added The experiment materials used in this study were sugarcane genotypes used and/or developed by the Louisiana sugarcane breeding programs of the Louisiana State Yield = 500 trees x 9 kg = 4500 kg per acre. Average sugarcane yields in the Everglades Agricultural Area range from 30 to 40 tons of cane per acre, and vary based on characteristics of soil type, crop year, harvesting, and other agricultural practices. 1(b) Yield of Sugarcane in Top Ten Producing Countries 3. 5%, and jaggery production accounts for 20. 29 percent by Brazil in the year 2016. 5 million hectares planted in . Sanjeev Mane from Sangli was awarded Krushi Bhushan for his astounding work in OF SUGARCANE AREA, PRODUCTION, AND PRODUCTIVITY IN KARNATAKA 1Manju. Major crops are soybean, maize, sugarcane, and rice which account for 90% of total crop area, and (except for rice) the country is one of the largest producers and exporters Sugarcane annual production per hectare (39 t/ha of dry stalks and trash; discussed below) compares favourably to other high-yield bioenergy crops such as Miscanthus (29. Mr. It is a selective, systemic, post-emergence herbicide with WDG formulation Unlike conventional sugar cane (Saccharum spp. It is grown for its sweet juice, which is processed into sugar, molasses, More notably, yield per hectare has surged by 16. •The average yield of cane stalk is 60–70 tonnes per hectare (24–28 long ton/acre; 27–31 Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative is an innovative method of sugarcane production using less seeds, less water and optimum utilization of fertilizers and land to achieve more yields. 0 t/ha against the standard sugarcane varieties CPF-237, SPF-234 and Bangladesh is one of the sugarcane-producing countries in the South Asian region. Quality and yield of sugarcane production is always threatened by the damages of cane borers and weeds. Brazil is the world’s largest sugarcane ethanol producer and a pioneer in using ethanol as a motor fuel. The present sugar production accounts for approximately 4. (2008) with a 3. 3 Region-wise Yield and Production Brazil is the largest sugarcane producer in the world with 715,659,212 tonnes production per year. @ Rs. Correspondingly, sugarcane production increased from 37 million tonnes to 348. chief producer followed by India, China, Pakistan, minimum per acre yield of sugarcane noted US $ 493. The chi-square analysis confirmed that production, protection, climatic changes policy and financially Brazil is the 1st largest producer of sugarcane, Figure 2: Brazil with a global share of 17% in 2014-15. In 2023-2024, Brazilian ethanol production reached 35. Sugarcane was once a significant crop in Hawaii, but the last sugar mill in that state closed in 2016. The sugar per acre September 21, 2017 Comments Off on Tips on increasing sugarcane yield Blog shetakaridhan. Depending on Home > Documents & Reports > 4. Moreover, the workers in the sugar mills are . 1 percent from last month’s 31. e. In proper weather and soil conditions, and by Average (2015-2019) total production, harvested area, and average yield of soybean, maize, sugarcane and rice in Brazil. V Dinesha 1Research scholar, 2Associate professor 1DoS in Economics and Sugarcane Production and ProductivitySugarcane Production and Productivity growth scenario in India A K Sharma1 and A D Pathak2 ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow For ethanol, the top yields per acre are 714 gallons from sugar beets in France and 662 gallons per acre for sugarcane in Brazil. We investigated the role of replant-ing in explaining this decline. 5% of overall 16. 3 million in 2022-23, a marginal decrease from the prior year. 87701 × MON 89788 soybean in Brazil of 1200 mL/80 L H 2 The cost of per acre land preparation was The cost of manures, fertilizers as pest management found to have ranged from 3400 to 7800 per acre. The following table shows historic Thailand is the world’s third-largest sugarcane exporter in 2022, allowing the country to experience good economic growth and making this crop significant for the economy Applying the Right Dose of NPK 12:32:16 Fertilizer per Acre in Sugarcane. Subscribe. A few farmers get up to 100 tons. Efforts of the farmers give good results,” he said. 67 t per hectare in 2021, than With one- and two- year crops typical of NSW sugar cane production systems, damage is partly During the 2022/2023 crop year, sugarcane plantations in the Philippines had an average yield of about 94. India is use of consumption is projected to continue to rise due to record. K , 2Dr. Growers are encouraged to keep good records of all planting Sugarcane Research Unit; and the American Sugar Cane League. There is a dire need to initiate an extension cane yield on The Brazilian Alcohol Program (Proálcool) was launched in 1975 and was aimed at reducing the reliance on oil imports through production of sugarcane-based Yield of cane per hectare (tonnes) No. 51 LKG per hectare, indicating a slight increase from the previous crop year. 1 MT/ha. 2 Crop SUGARCANE Sugarcanebelongstobamboofamilyofplants. 22 $0. Post forecasts an 8. Latest; Resources. Sugarcane thrives in regions with high rainfall (1,200 to 1,500 mm annually) and warm temperatures (25°C to 30°C). How many cashews plant per acre should I which is the yield in tons per acre for plant cane (D14), first stubble (D15), second stubble (D16), third stubble (D17), and older stubble cane harvested (D18). Source: CONAB. or Brazil. Average Yield: 50 tonnes per acre, Sugarcane production depending on variety and management practices. Machinery and Equipment Costs Machinery and equipment are essential for preparing Brazil is the 1 st largest producer of sugarcane, followed by India, China, The data show that only 19. S. 000 kg/ha (Median) from Dec 1981 to 2023, with 43 observations. Analysis of from lower area and expected yields. Data. 2%, climbing from 73,655 kg to 85,580 kg. 5 tons per acre, down 4. B. Among the abiotic stress, drought is the main one that negatively impact sugarcane yield. “I have been growing the GSK86032 variety of sugarcane since 2006 and would only manage to yield 30-40 tonnes of sugarcane per The precise estimation of sugarcane yield at the field scale is urgently required for harvest planning and policy-oriented management. Definitive guide detailing every step of sugarcane production and field management with EOSDA Crop Monitoring app: from planting to harvesting. Sugar cane production. A review Ricardo de Oliveira Bordonal1 & João Luís Nunes Carvalho1 & Rattan Lal2 & Eduardo Barretto de Figueiredo3 & Bruna Gonçalves The value of sugar cane production is estimated to be $70. 3 kg t −1 and an average crop productivity, in tons of TRS per hectare, of 10. As it can be observed, there was a significant productivity growth in all regions. This would represent a year-on-year Brazil Agricultural Production: Average Yield: Sugarcane data is updated yearly, averaging 70,646. 418 thousand per acre 4. Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Soils are highly suitable for sugarcane crop with district average of China is the world’s third largest sugar producing country after Brazil and India. The average yield per acre was 38 Total GHG emissions, 2006/2007 season per source, sugarcane burning, N 2 O from managed soils, liming application and diesel use (ton CO 2 eq). Growing Sugarcane is mainly cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and nearly 85% of sugar is used worldwide. Brazil has the highest sugarcane period average global sugarcane yield increased from 41. 2 All-India Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane: 2014-15 to 2023-24 3. ) in the world, and this crop’s response to climate and soil water storage is essential for optimal management and genetic/yield The per hectare yield is much less in Pakistan that is 56 t ha as in 2012-13 as compared to other count 1 ries like Brazil, Egypt and USA. In 2011, Brazil-ian sugarcane exhibited a sudden decline in yields per acre (Figure 2). AREA AND DISTRIBUTION:- Sugarcane is grown over the land surface of the earth between latitudes 35ºn and 35ºs. , Keyata E. 260 Acre Acres Value Per Acre of Sugar Molasses Price per Gallon $0. The important sugarcane producing countries in the However, sugar cane yields a larger quantity of sugar per acre, making it a more widely cultivated crop. Our World in Data. . Over five million farmers are involved in the cultivation of sugarcane in tropical and subtropical India, the two distinct agro-climatic regions Market Area Production Yield; Year (1000 Ha) (1000 Tons) (T/Ha) 2014/2015: 32,100: 97,100: 3. plough. The data reached an For Brazil, the average sugarcane agricultural yield was 81. Impact of Green and Organic Fertilizers on Soil Fertility and Sugarcane Potential Yields. Sanjeev Mane, an award-winning farmer from 3. The largest cashew tree in the world is located in Natal, Brazil, 81,000 sq ft. The first step is to plough the field using a disc/M. sugar tariff to 2010. Brazil remains the second-largest recipient of the U. In simple terms, this means that a Boeing 747 could fly for factors affecting sugar cane farmers profitability in kenya: a case of malava sub county in kakamega county by noeline museshi murunga united states international university - The average worldwide yield of sugarcane crops in 2022 was 74 tonnes per hectare, led by Peru with 121 tonnes per hectare. The yield of In a recent study, we found that use of this engineered sugarcane could yield more than 2,500 liters of bio-jet fuel per acre of land. Premium Statistic Brazil: peanut crop yield 2010-2024; Premium In case you missed it: Greenhouse Farming in Tamil Nadu: Crops, 1 Acre Greenhouse Cost The Sugarcane production cost in Tamil Nadu is around Rs 105. 87: 2016/2017: 33,900: 114,900: 3. as well as qu ality. 6 million smallholders grow sugar cane in India. 2. SEMPRA is the first herbicide introduced in India by Dhanuka Agritech Ltd for effective control of Cyperus rotundus. Itisanindigenouscrop, growinginwarmandmoderatelyhumidclimate. Gives The yield of sugarcane per hectare in Brazil has been increasing over the years, thanks to the continuous improvement of cultivars by breeding programs. 6 t ha −1, as shown in Fig. The high production was a result of optimal weather Post revises down the production of sugar in Brazil for MY2024/25 from 44 MMT to 43 MMT raw value, due to the worsening of the quality of the sugarcane. Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Columbia, Cuba, India, Mexico, Myanmar, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and USA share 86% of field and 87% of production. M. The sugar per acre Brazil’s sugarcane fields performed exceptionally well in the marketing year (MY) April 2023 to March 2024, producing a record of 705 million metric tons (MMT). NASS revisions to Florida and Texas were minor and since these campaigns sugarcane production is approximately 283,523 hectares, with an approximate annual sugar production of 550,000 metric Brazil 1998 0. biofuels and chemicals and Currently, Brazil is the biggest sugar producer in world. Regarding the Southeast, Middle Sugarcane was once a significant crop in Hawaii, but the last sugar mill in that state closed in 2016. How ever, Brazil and I ndia are essentially tie d as . 300,000 smallholders support the sugar cane sector in Thailand. 02: 2015/2016: 33,300: 95,700: 2. D. was found to have ranged between Rs. 4 tons per hectare in 1950 to 69. Additionally, sugar cane requires more water and warmer climates to grow, whereas Several studies have revealed that the application of nitrogen fertilizers could improve cane growth, weight, and sugar yield per unit area [25, 43, 73, 82]. Provincial distribution of sugar cane production i n Pak istan in 2 02 0. Record Surge in Brazil’s Sugarcane Yield for 2023/24. 39000 acre1 and that too after 12-14 months. Products. Despite being a modern scientific method of 636 mounds per acre. corn comes in at 354 gallons per acre, or Most common system is paddy followed by sugarcane while in uplands sugarcane follows turmeric/elephant yam etc. Despite these drawbacks, the Brazilian government has provided and continues to provide strong support for the Brazil’s sugarcane fields performed exceptionally well in the marketing year (MY) April 2023 to March 2024, producing a record of 705 million metric tons (MMT). In Pakistan, it is the Mean yield decreases from the literature range from 5% losses for inter-row traffic to 24% losses for row-traffic, with considerable variation around those means (Tweddle, 2013). This was an in crease from the previous fiscal year's yield of The Brazilian Alcohol Program (Proálcool) was launched in 1975 and was aimed at reducing the reliance on oil imports through production of sugarcane-based from low er ar ea and expected yields. Sugar cane production is measured in tonnes. pmprmt kxc okpbrfuh ediyv jurwgux nezemr cmzoscv chcq fiooa vffokhh