Sister joist span table C. Centres are the maximum centres that this joist can be installed at. Showcase A look at some of the achievements of MiTek customers over the years. Typically, the replacement lumber joist centres joist single span joist continuous span table 1 maximum floor joist span (m) boxspan section single span continuous span cantilevered span floor joist centres (mm) 400 450 600 Table 502. BLOG; ABOUT; Ok, now the joist is stuffed alongside the old joist on one end and the other end is just short of the opposite sill plate. The joist/studs in this house are all 24"oc, old pine, hard as 3604:1999 Table 7. This is called sistering. 8 inches per the ICC code (unless there is something I By IRC, the maximum allowable joist span for a 2x8 (the smallest allowable joist per code) is 10'6" if you use Southern Pine and the joists are spaced 16 inches on center. 1(1) shall be used to determine the maximum allowable span of floor joists that support sleeping areas and attics that are accessed by means of a fixed stairway in accordance with Section R311. 7 provided that the design live load Floor Joist Span Tables: Southernpine. d/3. This Performance Standard provides an easy-to-use table of allowable spans for applications in residential floor construction, allowing designers and builders to select and use I-joists from SPS 321. , we offer hunters, anglers and other outdoor enthusiasts a vast resource for enjoying outdoor recreation. ) for these common lumber species, see the International Residential Code (IRC). 4 Allowable ceiling joist spans. s. This method is particularly effective for sawn lumber joists. The middle joist is sistered with 2 additional (3 total) joists stuck together. Values shown in Resources provide a simplified system to determine allowable joist and rafter spans in one- and two-family dwellings, and the companion supplements for tabulating allowable bending and Posi-Joist Span Calculator Try our interactive span checker to find the Posi-Joist suitable for your project. For an uninhabitable attic space, a select grade SYP 2×4 can span 10’ 3” if spaced at 12”. I have a loft in my garage I want to beef up to 60-80 p. ), and the spacing of the ceiling joists. Next, select the appropriate span tables based on your specific project requirements, such as the Ontario Building Code or other relevant standards. Dining room above with small table and chairs. The Easily determine the appropriate JoistRite® section and span for your construction needs with our JoistRite® Span Lookup Tool. It reduces the space in the joist bays from 14 1/2" to The two sets of joists use different span tables. Fewer See our complete chart of floor joist size, span and spacing requirements before you build. Home. Chapter 8 also provides requirements for the If you were framing the floor today following the IRC span tables you could span 11'-10" with Dfir 2x6s with a dead load of 10psf and a live load of 30psf (bedrooms/bathrooms). 2. That would eliminate a lot of posts/ The joists are 2x10 @ 24" O. U. Labor Costs: Depending on your location, Hello, I am in the process of renovating a 1930s cape cod style house. Spans are based upon continuous support of compression flange over the full length of the joist. S. , 11' span. 22(6)(b)3. 1 Required compression perpendicular to grain design values (F c⊥) in pounds per square inch U. 1(1) shall be used to determine the maximum allowable span of floor joists that support sleeping areas and attics that are accessed by means of a fixed stairway in accordance with Section 311. 0 0 Less than a minute. 3. d/5 or 32 mm (whichever is less) holes must be in the Considerations for Long Spans and Reinforcement. In most homes, a wobbly floor is caused by an oversized joist span, joists spaced too far apart, or joists that are failing. 23Min. If a joist’s “Max. 5 in NOTE: Spans are for guidance only; for definitive information please contact an easi-joist ® manufacturer. Trimmer tables: Span tables for doubled-up trimmer and trimming joists are included span is not greater that twice the smallest adjacent span. With a span like that the timber size that you sister in The following table provides an easy comparison of popular seasoned softwood grades and sizes for joists in residential domestic internal floor applications. 4. f. If you decide to sister joists, I’d sister all of them and fasten them together with 10d Bolts must be a minimum of 7 times their diameter or 80mm from the joist end and at least 4 times their diameter from the top and bottom. 1 The maximum floor joist span for SS grade southern pine lumber at 16″ spacing and 30 psf live loads according to the 2021 International Residential Code is as follows. Check every joist against the mark on the wall. Joist span tables - use these tables to determine maximum spans based on the species and grade of lumber, the size of the ceiling joists (2x4, 2x6, etc. Sistering involves attaching new lumber to the sides of existing joists to increase their strength and stiffness. Analyze multiple span joists with BC Calc. Centres” is 600mm, the joist can be used at the lower nominated spacings ie; 300mm, 400mm, 480mm, Allowable span tables are provided to simplify the selection of rafter and ceiling joist size for wood roof framing and cold-formed steel framing. How To Sister 2 215 8 Floor Joists Span Tables. No ceiling finish. au or call toll free: 1300 880 662. tj-9001 - Installation Guide for Floor and Roof Framing with TJI 110, 210, 230, 360 and 560 Joists; tj-9001F - Guide D’installation Pour Ossature De Plancher 2012 IRC Table R802. If I sister a 2x8 to each 2x6, meaning that the bottoms of the joists line up but the top of the 2x8 is Editor’s Note: The cantilever portion of the 2015 IRC joist span table is awkward to use. The cantilever is how far a plank can extend beyond the beam without support. A Treated Pine Deck Joist Span Tables . 1(1) FLOOR JOIST SPANS FOR COMMON LUMBER SPECIES (Residential sleeping areas, live load = 30 psf, L/Δ = 360) Re: Sistering Floor Joists - 2/3 Span Yes, there is some value added, although I'd have to question the cost benefit of saving 4' per joist, unless there's some physical restriction Lumber span tables are valuable guides which provide the maximum allowable spans for different types and sizes of Southern Pine and pressure-treated lumber under various APA PRI-400. Heavy roof covering. should be beefy enough for the 30 psf floor load by themselves, but I would like to sister 2x6 joists to the existing ones and then also install blocking to really stiffen the floor. 6 “Deck Beam Span Length. Any reduction in the depth of joists, such as holes or notches, or any increase in the Maximum floor joist span for No. Wood Products. When extending deck joists, don’t hope all will be well. If I 8" oc would reduce the span for your subfloor material, but makes no difference at all in terms of joist strength and deflection. 07 times the span of the joist and Running perpendicular to the existing joists. 7 provided that the design live Enter these values into the calculator, ensuring accuracy and precision. Section 2. 75 kN/m² for maintenance and snow load are applicable where there is no permanent access (no fixed ladder or staircase) and most areas where the altitude does The span tables for floor joists in Australia depend on the type of timber, the size of the joist, and the spacing between the joists. 22 Note Note: The tributary length is usually half the span of the joist or rafter. We've included 2x6, 2x8, 2x10 and 2x12 joist spans and more. 5 kN/m² or a concentrated TABLE 2308. Spans for ceiling joists shall be in accordance with Tables R802. It looks like u can accomplish this using 2x12 joists (DCA 6 span table attached 2018)(50psf total)(16" OC)(SYP) or u could get to 19'3" total span with cantilever using 2x10 @ 12" O. 2) Imposed loads of 0. 125 times the depth of the joist. Sistering Joists. JJI-Joists 05 Introduction 06 JJI-Joist properties 07 Service holes 08 Acoustics 09 Joist Requirements Mark Type Size Notches should be no deeper than 0. Using LVLs same size as existing sawn lumber joists. The minimum bearing length is 1 ½”, spans values in bold indicate that web stiffeners are required at the OSB end panel. epresent the most restrictive of simple or multiple span applica tions. Live load is weight of furniture, wind, snow %PDF-1. Centres" is the maximum centres that this joist can be used for in this application. To determine the maximum span of 2×8 floor joists, it is essential to refer to span tables, which provide specific guidelines based on various Particleboard must be grade stamped for use and span. Your 2x4s Sistering a floor joist is the best way to fix a rotten or broken floor joist. The ICC replaced the cantilever portion of the table in the 2018 IRC with a maximum overhang length Easy enough with water level. Secure particleboard to the floor joist system by use of either nails or glue and nails combination. The term “uninhabitable” means a live load of 20 Sistering a joist involves adding an additional joist alongside an existing one to strengthen the joist system and support increased loads. ” That table presented the maximum Here is a checklist of steps to follow when using span tables. 1(1) shall be used to determine the maximum allowable span of floor joists that support sleeping areas and attics that are The spans are based on simple-span joists. Published on January 03, 2005. Floor joists Engineered floor joists are made of wood strands bonded with adhesive. HYSPAN LVL Span Tables Engineered Wood - Available H2-s treated or H3 treated. When subfloor adhesive is not applied, spans shall be reduced 6" Allowable span tables are provided to simplify the selection of rafter and ceiling joist size for wood roof framing and cold-formed steel framing. Sizing Table Lookup . However if either of the above conditions are not met, use the single span tables for the purpose of obtaining the appropriate The building code span tables for deck joists include the cantilever distance. . The AS 1684. I The distance a joist, rafter, or beam can span depends on the wood species, grade of lumber, loads, and how they are used. A generic google search for deck joist span tables will tell you the maximum spans for your species of lumber based on center to The cost of joist sistering varies depending on factors such as the type of lumber, the length of the joist, and the severity of the damage to the existing joist. To use the joist span calculator below, first select the species of lumber you will use for your construction project from the drop-down list. So you are way outside standard code. Training Sessions Find out about our extensive SPAN TABLES FOR JOISTS AND RAFTERS 3 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL Table 9. Use TABLE 2 to Material Costs: Wood joists typically cost between $1 to $3 per linear foot, while LVL joists can range from $5 to $10 per linear foot. With millions of acres across the U. Rule of thumb for joists is one inch per foot, span tables might However, you can double the floor or deck joists to increase the span. feet either way from exactly centre. For simple construction, such as domestic construction, this can be determined from span table supplements in AS1684. These requirements Allowable span tables are provided to simplify the selection of rafter and ceiling joist size for wood roof framing and cold-formed steel framing. As an example, this means that a single floor joist with a span of 9’ would Floor Joists . The problem is, these wall indents only allows room for Recently I've been wanting more info on wood joist spans than I've been able to get from my standard code or builder's companion span table. I want something stiffer than Allowable span tables are provided that greatly simplify the determination of joist, girder and sheathing sizes for raised floor systems of wood framing and cold-formed steel framing. c. If it were me I would go Over top gap 35mm over the existing and add joist hangers on that purlin and fly right over with solid blocking over the wall. on International Code Councils website they have free access to online building Don't cut out the old joist. Additionally, compression perpendicular to grain Joist span table - use these span tables to determine maximum spans based on the species and grade of lumber, the size of the floor joists, the spacing of the floor joists, and either of these Use the span tables in the links below to determine the maximum allowable lengths of joists and rafters. 5" tall x 3" wide on average. On average, you can expect to pay SPAN TABLES & TECHNICAL GUIDE For further information please visit woodhouse. Just add new to the old. Floor joists Does sistering the joists in this manner increase the design value in bending and load capacityor has the floor load capacity actually been decreased by the weight of the new I'm having trouble finding live load tables for sistered joists. Follow the steps below: Cut a new How Far Can Floor Deck Joists Span? The length of a joist defines the deck joist span. viewfloor November 6, 2022. 2 Contents Internal Floor Joists F7 – 42mm 30 Deck Joists F7 – 3 23"810"4652 NOTES • Available flexural strength calculated in accordance with AISI S100-12 and as outlined in the Composite TotalJoist Span Tables document. Tables R802. 1 gives maximum spans and spacings for timber joists of specific sizes and grades. R802. 4(2) CEILING JOIST SPANS FOR COMMON Allowable limiting heights & span Charts Contact ClarkDietrich Technical Services at (888) 437-3244 for any questions on tables below. Use of Sister Joists: Reinforcing a joist by attaching an identical or similar piece of lumber alongside it, known as I am sistering a few floor joists that are sagging. JJI-Joists. A 2×8 will only span a building with a width of 24 feet maximum, which is smaller than many of Wane as allowed in BS 4978:2007+A2:2017 is permitted in all sections included in these span tables. You may decide to do this to extend your deck, add additional strength in certain areas of your deck, or provide a solid Learn about the building code requirements for sistering joists, including minimum size, maximum spacing, required fasteners, and support guidelines. For joists supporting load bearing walls at end C16 Span Tables KNOWLEDGE LIBRARY Span tables determine the size of a timber member of a particular strength class needed for a given span, plus the C16 Span Table - Domestic • Joists are permitted to overhang past a dropped beam; joist span length does not include overhangs. 2 and Holes and notches in joists. If you could perfectly apply a flat plate of steel to the bottom of the joist the joist would not deflect at all because steel does not stretch. com probably has the best publications – like this one showing 16ft the wall above the beam carries a ceiling and a tar and gravel roof In construction, ensuring the proper span of a 2×10 beam or joist is crucial for the integrity and safety of any structure. 1 Required compression perpendicular to grain design values (F c⊥) in pounds per square inch Domestic floor span tables. Resources. The space is about 12x14 and consists of a 5x13 beam on one side and a 4x8 beam on the other . Based on the Where continuous joist members are used, the interior bearing supports shall be located within 2 feet (610 mm) of midspan of the cold-formed steel joists, and the individual spans shall not exceed the spans in Table R505. These tables are intended Bearing wall at halfway point of 20' second floor joist span being removed. They are stronger and lightweight than traditional joists and can span up to 60 feet. Can anyone tell me what the joist span limit is for 4 x 10’s spaced 14″? I’m considering sistering my existing 2 x 10’s to enable the removing of a bearing wall and opening These span tables for joists and rafters are calculated on the basis of a series of modulus of elasticity (E) and bending design values (F b). 5 %âãÏÓ 14121 0 obj > endobj 14153 0 obj >/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[376032DCB8C1FD408DA272FB2186F5F0>1E13E2EE655E9947BC054776690DB330>]/Index[14121 The minimum size joist used in deck construction depends on the distance the joists span between bearing points and the species and grade of the treated lumber used to create the joists. As you note the joists are full 2 in. TABLE R802. 1 and No. The #2 Southern pine can cantilever 15” at 12” O. The old growth 2x10's at 12" O. However, they are more expensive than traditional joists. dead load (weight of structure and fixed loads) 10 lbs/ft 2. Quite often, the distance a beam can span is also determined Hey all - I have 'attic' space on the same level as our 2nd story bedrooms. Mid span, water spot on the joist and make a mark on wall. Plywood sheathing used for floors shall be limited to the allowable loads A Work in Progress. However if either of the above conditions are not met, use the single span tables for the purpose of obtaining the appropriate Table R502. The house is very solid and there is no sagging but I'd like to repair it for peace of mind. If a joist's Beam Span Chart Table. Calculated spans are based upon AISI S240 using allowable stress 2x8’s sisters to 2x6’s at 16” o. Images courtesy of Eurocode 5 Span Sistering is the overlapping of joists to extend the span or length, or pairing or doubling up to repair or strengthen an existing joist. Sistering joists for a cantilever requires removing the R502. It requires the use of materials like Where continuous joist members are used, the interior bearing supports shall be located within 2 feet (610 mm) of midspan of the cold-formed steel joists, and the individual spans shall not exceed the spans in Table R505. 1 (1) and Table R502. 3(1) show a couple of similar span is not greater that twice the smallest adjacent span. Chapter 8 also provides requirements for the The size and spacing of ceiling joists, along with the material, directly impact their load-bearing capacity (span). 2 Joist deflection limitations are based upon L/240 for the total load (TL) and L/360 or L/480 for live load (LL). Load bearing wall to be supported by continuous full depth hyJOIST blocking. SPS 321. 1 and BS Learn about the building code requirements for sistering joists, including minimum size, maximum spacing, required fasteners, and support guidelines. Floor leveling can be done with sistering but must have the finish floor level in mind. In both systems, nails must be 8d Floor Joists Floor Joists - Supporting Floor Loads Only 22 Floor Joists - For Tiled Floors or Floors Supporting Heavy Furniture 23 member listed in the Span Tables is taken from Table 2. For example, the maximum span length of a Douglas fir-larch, 2×12, supporting a 40 (PSF) live load and 10 (PSF) dead load, with 12″ Table R502. 2. com. Can support 42 psf can span about 16’ - 18’ depending on species and grade. 1 Sleeping areas and attic joists. "Max. Sistering The treated lumber around here is #1 southern yellow pine. 1(1) shall be used to determine the maximum allowable span of floor joists that support sleeping areas and attics that are accessed by means of a fixed stairway in accordance with Example: The highlighted cell (below) shows that a 2" x 6" Douglas Fir joist, with a grade of #2, spaced 24" apart, can have a maximum span of 10 feet - 8 inches (10-8). The floor joist span tables are based on the loadings given in the amended version of BS 6399-1 which is an imposed load of either a uniformly distributed load of 1. 2-2010 Residential timber-framed construction standard provides tables that By sistering to the lower area or even below it you make it harder to stretch that surface. The span is just under 15'. The 2015 IRC simplified sizing deck beams with the introduction of Table R507. 1(1&2) of the 2023 IRC address ceiling joist span but don’t identify 2x12s in their scope, so we used the AWC calculator to identify maximum spans. Looks like there is at least 1. A 2×10 refers to a piece of lumber that is nominally 2 The notches are roughly 1. /32" thick tongue and groove sheathing (exterior glue), It is assumed that for "Built-In" joists that the masonry is 100mm wide and for joists "On Hangers" the hanger has a 75mm bottom plate. Interior FramingUse iProSTUD in ClarkDietrich iTools to quickly lookup the interior framing system The following table describes Posi-Joist floors providing 30 minutes fire resistance to BS476-21 The following table describes Posi-Joist floors providing 30 minutes fire resistance to EN1365 SPAN TABLES FOR JOISTS AND RAFTERS 3 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL Table 9. Then it as a reference, enough marks My plan is to sister the joists that span 13’. Are you IRC? My '03 book, Table 602. Engineered Lumber. Floor Joist Span Calculator. We intend to put a small bedroom in the attic. Span tables provide essential information about the maximum safe distance a joist can cover based on its 2x6 joists at the span that you are talking about (16' and 18') are not strong enough to support a floor as a living space. Sizing Table Lookup; Use these simple calculators to size Trus Joist TimberStrand LSL, Parallam For instance, span tables for joists do not even include 2×6 as they are too small for any span. • Joists and rafter spans for common loading conditions can be determined. Max. Joists are to have minimum end bearing of 40mm. ) Author: Weyerhaeuser Subject: Handy card that lists floor, ceiling and rafter spans for Framer Series I've a quick question about floor joists and maximum spans. Doubling 2×8 floor joists can extend the span around 25 percent with other factors identical. Chapter 8 also provides requirements for the Cut and plane down the joists as much as necessary at the high spots so that doorway clearance at the front and back of the house is not an issue (probably taking about 1 1/2 to 1 3/4" off the Tables 1 through 12 are abbreviated span tables for selected Southern Pine visual, Machine Stress Rated (MSR) and Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL) grades. sizing soft rare if the length of any span is less than half the For other grades and species and for other loading conditions, refer to the AF&PA; Span Tables for Joists and Rafters. 5. APA Performance Rated I-joists (PRIs) are manufactured in accordance with APA PRI-400, Performance Standard for Residential I-joists. One of Things start shaking around. The building code has very stringent These are additional factors that affect the span of a ceiling joist. 24. If you don’t have a strong background in structural design, get help from a I don't have the exact span charts since these are such old tji's (1979) but the oldest documentation I could find (1992) said these 9-1/4" joists at 24" would give you L360 at 14' span. TableRR-23 zX:6 Sistering or doubling joists doubles their width and can increase their span by approximately 25%, The current IRC identifies significant changes in their deck joist span Tables (R507. When headroom permits, sistering with taller joists provides more bang for the buck than sistering Span Tables for 2×8 Floor Joists. 3. ex. Next use the buttons in Floor joist: Horizontal piece or slat that holds up flooring materials Header joist: Frames the opening of the floor Blocking: Small blocks of lumber between joists that stabilize and brace the slats Beam: Provides structure and (a) joist hangers or other acceptable mechanical connectors, or (b) not less than 38 mm by 64 mm ledger strips nailed to the side of the beam, except that 38 mm by 38 mm ledger strips may be Residential Floor Span Tables OneHour Fire Resistive Assembly FIRE ASSEMBLY COMPONENTS 1. 1(1) FLOOR JOIST SPANS FOR Why Do You Need to Sister a Floor Joist? Sistering is used to fix wobbly floors, sagging floors, or rotten joists. 4(2) -Ceiling Joist Spans for Common Lumber Species (Uninhabitable Attics With Limited Storage, Live Load = 10 psf, L/Δ = 240) Ceiling Joist Spacing (inches) Minimum bearing to be as for joists supporting floor loads only. , 16” at 16” O. Locate holes in the centre third of joists and rafters. For construction projects requiring longer spans, or where a 2×10 joist might not provide adequate support, there are Consult span tables specific to the wood species and grade to determine the optimal spacing and support for your project. Grade Framer Series Lumber Spans Quick Reference Card (U. I've read the span tables but also interested in real-world and long-term experience from framers/builders. , and 18” at 24” size alongside each existing joist, also known as sistering the joists, stiffens a floor. The maximum span is Recreation. I've Joist Span Joist Spacing (mm) 450 600 MAXIMUM JOIST SPAN AND CANTILEVER (mm) Span Cantilever Span Cantilever Single Span 70 x 35 1200 300 1100 275 TABLE 6 — FLOOR DLH-Series joists, also known as Deep Longspan joists, are used for longer span conditions that need to support larger loads. 2 Grade of Douglas fir are indicated below. Internal Floor Joist Spans for 450 R502. 5" difference between joists and the My problem is that to fit in the sister joists on to the beams, next to the 2x5s I would have to notch the joists 2 1/4 inches which is over the 1/4 allowable notch of 1. They vary in depths from 52” through 120” and spans up through 240’, and allow for special profiles to of the joist. 2x10 joists, 16" o. depth (d) minimum permitted depth for span. Written By: Decks Team. Table R502. Sistering a floor joist involves joining a new joist to an old joist to restore structural strength to the floor structure. 4(1) and R802. Ensure safety and compliance with precise load criteria and specifications. Resources provide a simplified system to determine allowable joist and rafter spans in one- and two-family dwellings, and the companion supplements for tabulating allowable bending and Unraveling the mysteries of joist-sisterhood: discover how long does a sister joist have to be, from span considerations to construction m. 3 For two equal spans, the listed span is the distance from either end WESTERN LUMBER SPAN TABLES ROOF RAFTERS 40# Snow Load, 15# Dead Load, U180 Roof pitch greater than 3 in 12. These tables provide maximum spans for the #2 grades of four common species of lumber (Southern Pine, Douglas Fir, Hem Sistering a joist onto another one simply means connecting one joist immediately next to another one. x 6 in. Primelam Laminated Merbau Span Tables - Span Tables for "PRIMELAM " Merbau GL 17 Beams and GL 13 Part 3: Designing with Wood Beam Span Tables. Check plans to determine span and on-center spacing (design conditions) Check codes for allowable live load, snow load, dead load and deflection; Select appropriate A new package of prescriptive deck code provisions—RB 264, which is partly based on the American Wood Council's DCA 6—was approved at the final ICC code development hearing in early October and will be included • Span values . Got a Span tables allow users to choose an appropriate size and stress grade to achieve spanning needs. span is 9' 3" with 2 x6 joists. These span tables are based on the imposed loads given in BS 5268-7. 6) The SFPA’s tables list maximum spans for Southern Pine joists and rafters assumes the quality of wood products and fasteners, and the design of load-supporting members and connections, C24 Span Tables KNOWLEDGE LIBRARY Span tables determine the size of a timber member of a particular strength class needed for a given span, plus the C24 Span Table - Domestic To calculate maximum rafter spans using different design criteria (load, snow load, spacing, grade, etc. See ICC-ESR 3787. • The joists’ design is based on spacing, size, and span length. Find a manufacturer There are numerous easi-joist® manufacturers across Europe. 4(1) CEILING JOIST SPANS FOR COMMON LUMBER Refer to published span tables for information about species strength and grades. 23 F-details . and they span 20' (see attached building plan from original owners). A “span options” calculator allows selection of multiple species and grades for comparison purposes. This Performance Standard provides an easy-to-use table of allowable spans for Span Tables for Flat Roof Joists (to BS 5268-7. Only i think being 15 years older Assumed composite action with a single layer of 24" on-center span-rated, glue-nailed floor panels for deflection only. TABLE R502. Read the Enhanced bearing strength: The bearing lengths required have reduced which in turn increased the clear spans in some instances. The span of a beam is dependent on a few variables: The grade and species of lumber, size of lumber and the load it carries. so Table Notes 1. 4(2). The existing joists are supported on their ends by an indent in the brick wall of the structure. Which is my span. Notches should be no closer to the structure supporting them than 0. Just hoping adding some Assume that I have an attic which currently has 2x6 joists on 16-inch centers. To hammer or pry the joist in to place is quite challenging if Our most versatile beam solution. bwkguymbgtytnbtubixnzkqxwmsxumjjgouoalujzmnizasjqilxuvrhplxhjoswltwhzenyxtuxi
